Atractyloside A is a natural TCM reference compound. The atractyloside might be potentially targets CAFs (cancer-associated fibroblasts) and inhibits the development as well as metastasis of CC(colon cancer) by changing the TM E(tumor microenvironment)[1]. ATR (Atractyloside) treatment blocks ANT2 (Adenine nucleotide translocase 2) expression, promotes the activation of AMPK, then decreases the mTOR activity, and finally promotes autophagosomes formation, thus accelerating the degradation of HFD(high-fat diet)-induced accumulated lipids in the liver[2]. Treatment with AA increased MTL, GAS, ZO-1, and OCLN levels, while reducing AQP1, AQP3, and FGF2 levels. In addition, phosphorylation of p38 and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) expression were inhibited. AA (Atractyloside A) improved gastrointestinal function by protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway[3]. Low concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM) of ATR treatment could activate autophagy to accelerate the degradation of TGs in steatosis HepG2 cells; the mechanism may be related to the activation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway induced by the increased ADP/ATP ratio. In addition, the ideal concentration of ATR for improving steatotic HepG2 cells was 7.5 μM[4].
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