Irsogladine (irsogladine maleate) is a PDE4 inhibitor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binder. IM (irsogladine maleate) treatment (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of angiogenesis in wild-type mice by 21 and 45.3%, in tPA-deficient mice by 42.6 and 46%, and in uPA-deficient mice by 27.2 and 46% , respectively[3]. Irsogladine maleate suppresses intestinal polyp formation in Min mice partly through the NF-jB signaling pathway, thus reducing oxidative stress[4]. IM up-regulates GJIC (gap junctional intercellular communication) between PC (pancreatic cancer) cells via regulation of the PKA pathway[5]. The mucosal protective effects afforded by irsogladine maleate on gastric injury induced by indomethacin are mediated by inhibition of mucosal proinflammatory cytokine production and neutrophil infiltration, leading to suppression of mucosal inflammation and subsequent tissue destruction[6].
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