Saikosaponin A, a natural product isolated and purified from the root of Bupleurum chinense DC., with antioxidant activity, has an inhibitory activity against allergic asthma and an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, shows the most potent cytotoxicity against human cancer cells, and is an inhibitory for cell growth and DNA synthesis with 50-μg/mL.

D-(+)-纤维素二糖（Cellobiose）是一种还原糖，由两个β -葡萄糖分子通过β（1→4）键连接而成。D-(+)-纤维素二糖是β-葡萄糖苷酶的底物。它可以被酶或酸水解成葡萄糖。

Saikosaponin D, a natural product isolated and purified from the herb of Bupleurum chinense DC., is a SERCA inhibitor by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling to protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and a potent inhibitor on acute hepatic injury by CCl4 and a potent cytotoxicity agent for human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and has the antiproliferative effect in A549 cells that may be the induction of p53 and activity of the Fas/FasL apoptotic system.

Ginsenoside Re is a panaxatriol saponin that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including vasorelaxant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and angiogenic actions.

Ginsenoside Ro, a natural product isolated and purified from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., is reported to have anti-infllammtory, anti-hepatitic activities, and showed inhibitory activity against 5αR with IC(50) value of 259.4 μm

Stevioside, a natural product isolated and purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, is a safe natural sweetener, has no allergic reactions, suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. Stevioside also exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties by inhibiting the release of cytokines and the activation of TLR2 and proteins of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as caspase-3 and Bax. Stevioside and steviol attenuate LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine productions by affecting cytokine gene expression via IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Maltose monohydrate is the energy source for bacteria.

Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from citrus.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside which can be extracted in citrus fruits.

Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar. It is thought to provide plants and animals with the ability to withstanding periods of dehydration.

Sucralose is an artificial and noncaloric sweetener, not broken down by the body.

Ivermectin is a glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCls) activator, used as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug.

Acteoside, is a natural product isolated and purified from the herbs of Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma with known antioxidant activity. It is a protein kinase C inhibitor (IC50 =25 μM).

Notoginsenoside R1, the main bioactive component isolated and purified from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.)F.H.Chen, is reported to have some neuronal protective, antihypertensive effects.

Diosimin is a semisynthetic drug indicated for the treatment of venous disease.

Ginsenoside Rd is a protopanaxadiol which has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory actions.

Troxerutin, also known as vitamin P4, can inhibit platelet aggregation and the production of ROS. It is a flavonol isolated from Sophora japonica and used as a vasoprotective.

Methyl hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside (flavonoid) (C28H34O15) found abundantly in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperetin.

Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a sugar substitute. It is especially useful in the production of sweets, including sugarless hard candies, chewing gum, chocolates.