Xylan is a polysaccharide made from units of xylose and contains predominantly β-D-xylose units linked as in cellulose.

Saikosaponin D, a natural product isolated and purified from the herb of Bupleurum chinense DC., is a SERCA inhibitor by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling to protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and a potent inhibitor on acute hepatic injury by CCl4 and a potent cytotoxicity agent for human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and has the antiproliferative effect in A549 cells that may be the induction of p53 and activity of the Fas/FasL apoptotic system.

Ginsenoside Re is a panaxatriol saponin that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including vasorelaxant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and angiogenic actions.

Heparin sodium salt (Sodium heparin) 是一种抗凝剂，可与抗凝血酶III (ATIII) 可逆地结合，大大加快了ATIII使凝血酶因子IIa和Xa失活的速度。Heparin sodium salt 显著抑制外泌体与细胞的相互作用。

Methyl α-D-Mannopyranoside 是甘露糖的衍生物，靶向巨噬细胞用于抗结核吸入疗法。它在免疫研究中显示出潜在应用。

Acteoside, is a natural product isolated and purified from the herbs of Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma with known antioxidant activity. It is a protein kinase C inhibitor (IC50 =25 μM).

γ-Cyclodextrin is an endogenous metabolite.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside which can be extracted in citrus fruits.

L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a substrate of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic (Vatamin) C. In other words, L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a direct precursor of vitamin C in animals, in plants and in some protists.

D-Ribonolactone is sugar lactone and an inhibitor of β-galactosidase of Escherichia coli with a Ki of 26 mM.

1,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-ribofuranose是核苷合成的中间体，提供了用于寡核苷酸合成的结构基础，对研究核酸药物具有重要价值。

Ginsenoside Ro, a natural product isolated and purified from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., is reported to have anti-infllammtory, anti-hepatitic activities, and showed inhibitory activity against 5αR with IC(50) value of 259.4 μm

Topiramate is a selective GluK1 kainate receptors (GluR5) antagonist with IC50 value of 0.46 μM which can act as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor-mediated currents, inhibit Nav channels and L-type Ca2+ channels.

D-Allose is an endogenous metabolite.

N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine Monohydrate是 N-乙酰神经氨酸 (NeuAc) 的关键前体，并通过 GNE 和 GlcNAc 2-差向异构酶代谢，参与神经系统功能的调控，尤其在神经疾病的研究中显示出潜力。

Phytic acid has a neuroprotective effect in MPTP-induced PD model, and the neuroprotection is correlated with its anti-inflammatory effect which may be associated with suppression of pathways that involved in NF-κB and p-ERK.

Sucralose is an artificial and noncaloric sweetener, not broken down by the body.

Diosimin is a semisynthetic drug indicated for the treatment of venous disease.

Maltose monohydrate is the energy source for bacteria.

Glucosamine HCl is a natural product present in mucopolysaccharides and in polysaccharides found in bacteria, fungi, higher plants.