Trigonelline Hydrochloride, an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity, is present in considerable amounts in coffee. Trigonelline increased body weight, inhibited the kidney weight/body weight ratio and blood glucose levels, and reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and albumin in type 2 diabetic rats. In addition, trigonelline also reduced inflammation, oxidative stress and kidney cell apoptosis in T2DM rats[1]. Trigonelline has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-pathogenic effects. 50 μM of trigonelline had the best anti-aging activity and could prolong the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) by about 17.9%. Trigonelline can enhance the oxidative, heat, and pathogenic stress resistance of C. elegans. Trigonelline could also delay the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, PD, and HD, in models of C. elegans[2]. Administering the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline hydrochloride to infected BALB/c mice resulted in reduced HO-1 (heme oxygenase 1) and ATF3 expression, decreased spleen and liver parasite burdens, and increased proinflammatory cytokine levels[3]. Trigonelline has the inhibitory effect on activated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and verified its anti-inflammatory properties using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model. Trigonelline suppressed BMMC degranulation and decreased the production of the cytokines, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in a dose-dependent manner[4].
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