L-Threonine is an essential amino acid which is in its active form. It is important for the formation of collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel, and aids liver and lipotropic function when combined with aspartic acid and methionine.

Pyruvic acid-Na-salt是一种糖酵解产物，用于抗氧化研究和细胞代谢过程中的自由基清除。

Dextrose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate in biology.

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration.

Trolox是维生素E的类似物，具有强效的抗氧化作用，并能有效抑制膜损伤。

(S)-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic active against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Menadione, a synthetic naphthoquinone, can be converted to active vitamin K2 in vivo.

L-Glutamine is an essential amino acid which serves as a substrate for biosynthesis of neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA in neurons.

L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate是一种维生素C的衍生物，它在生物体内可以转化为活性形式的维生素C，并且具有促进胶原蛋白生成的能力。这种化合物在体外实验中被证实可以促进人脂肪干细胞（hASCs）的成骨分化。在成骨细胞分化的过程中，L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate能够提高hASCs中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的活性，并且促进runx2A基因的表达

Calcifediol is an active metabolite of vitamin D. It can inhibit the secretion of parathyroid hormone with 2 nM and commonly used as an indicator of body vitamin D status.

Riboflavin is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and other animals.

Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid of most vegetable oils and animal fats, and a prostaglandin precursor.

β-Carotene is a naturally occuring retinol (vitamin A) precursor found in plants and fruits, used to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.

L-carnitine is constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.

γ-Cyclodextrin is an endogenous metabolite.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside which can be extracted in citrus fruits.

NADH Disodium is a coenzyme that functions as a regenerating electron donor in catabolic processes including glycolysis, β-oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

Choline Chloride is a precursor of acetylcholine, a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs.

Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties.