Heparan Sulfate is a linear polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family.Heparan Sulfate consists of glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues, as well as N-acetyl glucosamines with a variety of sulfation modifications, and is typically 50-200 disaccharides in length. Heparan Sulfate interacts with a variety of proteins, including growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion molecules to regulate important developmental processes in both invertebrates and vertebrates.Heparan Sulfate acts as a cofactor to regulate developmental signalling through a variety of mechanisms including, but not limited to, the maintenance of morphogen gradients and co-receptor function[1].Heparan Sulfate proteoglycans act as receptors for proteases and protease inhibitors, modulating their spatial distribution and activity.Membrane Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as co-receptors for a variety of tyrosine kinase-type growth factor receptors, lowering their activation thresholds or altering the duration of the signalling response [2].Heparan Sulfate affects the binding affinity of intestinal epithelial cells for Wnt, thereby promoting the activation of classical Wnt signalling and the regeneration of small intestinal crypts after epithelial injury [3].
Heparan Sulfate 动物研究
Animal study
Heparan Sulfate digestion impairs contextual discrimination in the fear conditioning paradigm as well as oscillatory network activity in the low theta band following fear conditioning. Thus, Heparan Sulfate maintains neuronal excitability, thereby supporting synaptic plasticity and learning [4].The FGF-2/FGFR system is involved in the regulation of astrocyte reactivity and/or proliferation in the brain and is enhanced by Heparan Sulfate[5].
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