Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is a flavonoid derived and isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Carthamus tinctorius L., possessing anti-tumor activity. It can suppress foam cell formation, vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and platelet activation. Besides, HSYA is devoted to lowering blood lipids, regulating ion channels, reducing vascular inflammation, and protecting pancreatic beta cells[3]. HYSA could inhibit LPS-induced VSMCs proliferation and migration, accompanied by the downregulated levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. HYSA inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of TLR-4 expression as well as the activation of Rac1/Akt pathway[4]. HSYA (14, 28, 56 mg/kg, i.p.) has a protective effect on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by LPS through blocking the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and that the TLR4 receptor might be a target of HSYA on the cell membrane[5]. 8 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg HSYA administration by common carotid artery (CCA) injection improved impaired cognitive function in Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tasks. And 8 mg/kg HSYA treatment rescued the impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus of MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) rats[6].
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