N-Acetylglucosamine is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. It may be helpful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol naturally occuring in some fruit and fermented foods, used as a food additive.

Xylitol is a chemical categorized as a polyalcohol or sugar alcohol.

Rebaudioside A, an α-glucosidase inhibitor with IC50 of 35.01 μg/mL. is a steviol glycoside isolated and purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni..

Isosteviol, an antihyperglycemic agent, is a natural product isolated and purified from the herbs of Stevia rebaudiana with anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Stevioside, a natural product isolated and purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, is a safe natural sweetener, has no allergic reactions, suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. Stevioside also exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties by inhibiting the release of cytokines and the activation of TLR2 and proteins of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as caspase-3 and Bax. Stevioside and steviol attenuate LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine productions by affecting cytokine gene expression via IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar. It is thought to provide plants and animals with the ability to withstanding periods of dehydration.

D-Sorbitol is a naturally occuring sweetner.

D-(+)-Trehalose Anhydrous is a non-reducing sugar which can provide plants and animals with the ability to withstanding periods of dehydration.

D-ribose is a naturally occurring sugar involved in producing energy in the body and is also the structural basis of DNA and RNA.

Glycyrrhizic acid是一种三萜皂苷，作为直接的 HMGB1 拮抗剂，具有抗肿瘤和抗糖尿病活性。

Ammonium glycyrrhizinate, a natural constituent of the licorice root that inhibits growth and cytopathology of several unrelated DNA and RNA viruses.