Carnosol is a potent Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK2) inhibitor that could be useful for treating gastric cancer, with an IC50 of ~5.5 μM. Carnosol reduced anchorage-dependent and -independent gastric cancer growth by inhibiting the RSKs-CREB signaling pathway. Carnosol increased the G2/M phase and decreased S phase cell cycle and also induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases 9 and 7 and inhibition of Bcl-xL expression. Moreover, oral administration of carnosol suppressed patient-derived gastric tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model[3]. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of carnosol inhibited the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in wound healing and matrigel invasion assays. Carnosol significantly and markedly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer xenografts[4]. Carnosol stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, did not affect Akt, increased AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) phosphorylation and plasma membrane GLUT4 levels[5].
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