Carnosol, a natural product isolated and purified from the herbs of Rosmarinus officinalis L., enhances the sensitivity of chemoresistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Carnosol may as an agonist of TRPA1 with an EC50 value of 12.46 µM.
Carnosol is a potent Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK2) inhibitor that could be useful for treating gastric cancer, with an IC50 of ~5.5 μM. Carnosol reduced anchorage-dependent and -independent gastric cancer growth by inhibiting the RSKs-CREB signaling pathway. Carnosol increased the G2/M phase and decreased S phase cell cycle and also induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases 9 and 7 and inhibition of Bcl-xL expression. Moreover, oral administration of carnosol suppressed patient-derived gastric tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model[3]. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of carnosol inhibited the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in wound healing and matrigel invasion assays. Carnosol significantly and markedly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer xenografts[4]. Carnosol stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, did not affect Akt, increased AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) phosphorylation and plasma membrane GLUT4 levels[5].
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