Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. Vitamin B12 is a complex organometallic cofactor associated with three subfamilies of enzymes: the adenosylcobalamin-dependent isomerases, the methylcobalamin-dependent methyltransferases, and the dehalogenases[3]. Light excitation energy can promote covalent linkage of B12 to transcription factors with this linkage, affecting gene expression[4]. Vitamin B12 is synthesized in some bacteria but not in animals and plants. Intestinal absorption and subsequent plasma transport of vitamin B12 are mediated by specific vitamin B12-binding proteins and their receptors in mammals. Vitamin B12 taken up by the cells is enzymatically converted to coenzyme forms of vitamin B12, methyl- and adenosyl-vitamin B12, which function as coenzymes of methionine synthase (EC 2.1.13), involved in methionine biosynthesis, and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2), involved in oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids and amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and threonine), respectively[5].
Vitamin B12/维生素B12 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
RIN-m5F cells
2 µM
24 hours
Vitamin B12 increased the number of autophagosomes and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, while decreasing p62 expression and p70S6K phosphorylation.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Oct 16;24(20):15217.
Citrobacter rodentium
0 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 15 ppm
6 hours
To evaluate the effect of vitamin B12 on the growth and virulence of C. rodentium. Results showed that vitamin B12 had no direct effect on the growth or virulence of C. rodentium.
Microbiome. 2023 Feb 3;11(1):21.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
0 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 15 ppm
6 hours
To evaluate the effect of vitamin B12 on the growth of B. thetaiotaomicron. Results showed that the numbers of B. thetaiotaomicron increased with higher concentrations of vitamin B12.
Microbiome. 2023 Feb 3;11(1):21.
Vitamin B12/维生素B12 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Escherichia coli
ΔFEC strain
Supplemented in the medium
1 nM
Single addition, grown for 1000 min
To test the function of BtuM Td as a vitamin B12 transporter, results showed that BtuM Td can support vitamin B12-dependent growth.
Nat Commun. 2018 Aug 2;9(1):3038
C3H/HeOuJ mice
Citrobacter rodentium infection model
Drinking water
120 μg/day
Daily, for 2 weeks
To evaluate the effect of excessive vitamin B12 on gut microbial ecology and the host's ability to resist enteric pathogen colonization and pathogenesis. Results showed that vitamin B12 supplementation enhanced early colonization and pathogenesis of C. rodentium, altered gut microbial community structure, and increased colonic inflammatory markers.
Microbiome. 2023 Feb 3;11(1):21.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Mrp-5 deficient mothers
Gonad injection
3.2 mM
Single injection, phenotypes scored after 2 days
Direct injection of vitamin B12 into the gonad bypasses the need for intestinal export and rescues embryonic lethality in the offspring of mrp-5 deficient mothers.
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