Purmorphamine (10, 20 μM) in conjunction with sirolimus significantly reduces cell numbers according to the MTT assay. Purmorphamine induces up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of RUNX-2 on day 14. Up-regulation of osteocalcin is detected at the 3 and 5 μM doses of purmorphamine on day 14 post-induction. However, matrix mineralization remains unchanged in the presence or absence of purmorphamine^[1].

Purmorphamine induces phosphorylation of STAT3 in the mouse ES cell line ES14 and the mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2^[2].

Purmorphamine enhances the expression of osteoblast phenotype markers - ALP activity and bone-like nodule formation - in human bone marrow mesenchymal cells^[3].

Purmorphamine (GMP), at a concentration of 1.5 μM for a duration of 1 week, can generate embryoid bodies (EBs) from human iPS cells (hiPS2) and hESCs (HSF1)^[1].

Purmorphamine (GMP) at a concentration of 1.5 μM converts hPSCs to NKX2-1 positive MGE cells^[2].

During days 28-35, Purmorphamine (GMP) at a concentration of 2 μM promotes ventralization of brain spheroids during the differentiation process from hiPSCs^[3].

Purmorphamine (GMP), at a concentration of 1 μM, in combination with retinoic acid (RA, 2 μM) facilitates hiPSC differentiation into functional neural tissue, as indicated by the expression of the neuronal marker β-tubulin III (βT-III)^[4].

Between days 5 and 7, Purmorphamine (GMP) induces differentiation of hESCs into dopaminergic (DA) neurons[5].