Lithospermic acid is a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Lithospermum ruderale with anti-HIV, anti-gonadotrophic and anti-thyroidal effects, and is a cardiotonic agent[3]. LSA (Lithospermic Acid) inhibited the formation of uric acid and superoxide radicals significantly with an IC50 5.2 and 1.08 mg/ml, respectively, and exhibited competitive inhibition. LSA scavenged superoxide radicals directly in the system beta-NADH/PMS and inhibited the production of superoxide in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA and fMLP. LSA also have hypouricemic activity on oxonate-pretreated rats in vivo and have anti-inflammatory effects in a model of gouty arthritis[4]. Lithospermic acid significantly attenuated the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of mice with lithospermic acid for six days significantly reduced CCl4-induced hepatic oxidative damage, serum AST (aspartate transaminase) and ALT(alanine transaminase). The pretreatment also increased SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase)[5]. Lithospermic acid possesses specific inhibitory effect on caspase 3[6]. Lithospermic acid attenuates mesenteric ischemia reperfusion injury in rat intestines by increasing tissue SOD and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) activities and decreasing MDA and MPO (myeloperoxidase) levels. Lithospermic acid also improves morphological alterations which occurred after periods of reperfusion[7].
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