Thifluzamide, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, has been widely used in rice fields throughout the world and causes hepatotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio reio) Yang Y, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Wu X, Qi S, Liu W, Zheng Y. Thifluzamide affects lipid metabolism in zebrafish (Danio reio). Sci Total Environ. 2018 Aug 15;633:1227-1236|https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29758875|https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29758875. Thifluzamide repressed glucagon (GC) levels but increased growth hormone (GH) levels, and changed the expression of the genes related to growth and development. Additionally, protein kinase A (PKA) and leptin levels were obviously decreased in zebrafish after exposure to thifluzamide for 28 days, but the phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) was increased[3]. Zebrafish embryos were treated with thifluzamide (0, 0.19, 1.90 and 2.85 mg/L) for 4 days. Exposure to thifluzamide induced pronounced changes in embryo brain and melatonin levels. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to development, behavior and reproduction were significantly changed by thifluzamide[4]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased across all thifluzamide treatments, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tended to be inhibited by thifluzamide. Thifluzamide presents a potential risk to earthworms at the concentration of 10.0 mg/kg, and its use should be moderated to reduce damage to soil ecosystem function[5].
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