Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a burgeoning method for cancer therapy attribute to low side effect, minimal invasiveness, and high space-time selectivity[1]. IR-808 is a PDT photosensitizer with cancer-targeting ability and near-infrared (NIR) sensitivity[2]. When irradiated by tissue-penetrable 808 nm light, the IR-808 greatly absorbs 808 nm photons and then emit a broadband peak which overlaps perfectly with the absorption of Nd3+ and Yb3+. The Nd3+/Yb3+ incorporated shell synergistically captures the emitted NIR photons to illuminate NaGdF4:Yb,Er zone and then radiate ultra-bright green and red emissions. The visible emissions simultaneously activate the dual-photosensitizer to produce a large amount of ROS and, importantly, low heating effects[3]. IR-808 could be internalized selectively by malignant cells of samples, and these malignant cells could be easily distinguished from normal cells under a fluorescence microscope. The positive rates between cytological analysis and the IR-808 staining method were 86% (24/28) and 79% (22/28), respectively. An excellent concordance level (Kappa = 0.752, P < 0.001) was observed between the two methods[4].
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