Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the most notable active components of Panax ginseng, has anti-inflammatory actions. In vitro, ginsenoside Rg1 functioned to HK-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the 150 μM dose exhibited the most protective functions. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects HK-2 cells against LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis[3]. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates CS-induced pulmonary EMT in both COPD rats and HBE cells[4]. In vivo, Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment (10 mg/mL) lameliorated depression-like behaviors and reduced chronic unpredictable mild stress exposure-Induced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine expression within the ventral medial prefrontal cortex[5].
Ginsenoside Rg1/人参皂苷Rg1 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
Primary RGCs
1, 10, 30 µM
1 week
Promoted neurite growth of primary RGCs
J Ginseng Res. 2024 Mar;48(2):163-170.
HeLa cells
10 µM
10 hours
Ginsenoside Rg1 reduced cancer cell proliferation through inducing mitotic arrest.
J Ginseng Res. 2022 May;46(3):481-488.
RGC-5s cells
1, 10, 30 µM
2 days
Promoted neurite growth and synaptic plasticity of RGC-5s cells
J Ginseng Res. 2024 Mar;48(2):163-170.
HepG2 cells
0.1, 1 or 10 µM
2 hours
To study the effect of Rg1 on the binding of Akt to FoxO1, results showed that Rg1 promoted Akt binding to FoxO1 and inhibited FoxO1 nuclear translocation.
Theranostics. 2017 Sep 20;7(16):4001-4012.
PC12 cells
0.01 –1 µM
24 hours
Rg1 significantly attenuated OGD/R-induced cell injury, accompanied by prolonging nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, enhancing the transcriptional activity of Nrf2, and promoting the expression of ARE-target genes.
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2019 Jan;40(1):13-25.
Hepatic stellate cells
50 µM
24 hours
Inhibited HSC proliferation and collagen expression, reducing liver fibrosis via EMT pathway inhibition
J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jul;47(4):534-542.
HT22 cells
5, 10 µM
24 hours
To study the effect of Rg1 on calcium overload induced by OGD/R in HT22 cells, the results showed that Rg1 could inhibit calcium overload and resist the imbalance of calcium homeostasis.
J Ginseng Res. 2022 Jul;46(4):515-525.
Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs)
20 µM
24 hours
Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis by downregulating the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway.
J Ginseng Res. 2024 Jul;48(4):405-416.
MC38 cells
100 µM
Inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 binding
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Jan;45(1):193-208.
RPE1 cells
10 µM
Ginsenoside Rg1 did not inhibit H3T3ph in normal cells.
J Ginseng Res. 2022 May;46(3):481-488.
Rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs)
1, 2, 4 µM
24 hours
To investigate the effects of Rg1 on AIM2 inflammasome activation and macrophage polarization. Results showed that Rg1 significantly inhibited AIM2 inflammasome activation and reduced M1 macrophage polarization.
J Ginseng Res. 2024 Nov;48(6):570-580.
Cardiac fibroblasts
10 µM
24 hours
Ginsenoside Rg1 reduced collagen I and III mRNA expression and inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation.
J Ginseng Res. 2021 Nov;45(6):683-694.
Cardiomyocytes
10 µM
24 hours
Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reduced ANP and BNP mRNA expression.
J Ginseng Res. 2021 Nov;45(6):683-694.
Neuronal cells
40 µM
48 hours
To assess the effect of Rg1 pretreatment on EV secretion from neuronal cells, results showed that Rg1 pretreatment increased EV release.
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Aug;11(31):e2402114.
DC2.4 cells
2.5–100 μM
24 hours
Promoted DC2.4 cell maturation and upregulated CD40 and CD86 expression
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Oct;11(38):e2405886.
Ginsenoside Rg1/人参皂苷Rg1 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
C57/BL mice
Type 2 diabetes model
Gavage
1, 5 or 10 mg/kg
8 weeks
Rg1 treatment improved memory impairment and neuronal injury, decreased ROS, IP3, and DAG levels to revert Ca2+ overload, downregulated the expressions of p-PLC, TRPC6, CN, and NFAT1 nuclear translocation, and alleviated Aβ deposition in T2DM mice. In addition, Rg1 treatment elevated the expression of PSD95 and SYN in T2DM mice, which in turn improved synaptic dysfunction.
J Ginseng Res. 2023 May;47(3):458-468
Sprague-Dawley rats
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury model
Intraperitoneal injection
10 and 20 mg/kg
Once daily for 7 days
To evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Rg1 against MI/R injury. Results showed that Rg1 dose-dependently reduced myocardial infarct size, inhibited myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and improved cardiac function.
J Ginseng Res. 2024 Nov;48(6):570-580.
5XFAD mice
Alzheimer's disease model
Intraperitoneal injection
10 mg/kg
Once daily for 30 consecutive days
Rg1 restores mitophagy and ameliorates memory deficits in the AD Mice model through the PINK1-Parkin pathway.
J Ginseng Res. 2023 May;47(3):448-457
C57BL/6 mice
3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease model
Oral
10, 20, 40 mg/kg
Once daily for 5 days
Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts neuroprotective effects in the striatum by suppressing MAPKs and NF-κB pathways
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 Sep;42(9):1409-1421
C57BL/6 mice
MC38 tumor xenograft lung metastasis model
Intraperitoneal injection
100 mg/kg
Once daily for four weeks
Inhibit colon cancer lung metastasis and activate CD8 T cells
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Jan;45(1):193-208.
Sprague-Dawley rats
Abdominal aortic constriction model
Oral
12 mg/kg
Once daily for 30 days
Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviated AAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improved cardiac function.
J Ginseng Res. 2021 Nov;45(6):683-694.
Sprague-Dawley rats
Achilles tendinitis model
Oral
15, 30, 60 mg/kg
Once daily for 30 days
Rg1 promotes the healing of injured tendon in AT rat model through the activation of IGF1R and MAPK signaling pathway
J Ginseng Res. 2022 Jul;46(4):526-535
Sprague-Dawley rats
Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model
Intraperitoneal injection
20 mg/kg
Single dose, lasting for 24 hours
Rg1 significantly alleviated ischemic injury and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. The protective effects of Rg1 were abolished by injecting AAV-HIF-miR-144-shRNA into the predicted ischemic penumbra.
Once daily for 5 days before ischemia and 14 days after reperfusion
To study the protective effect and mechanism of Rg1 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the results showed that Rg1 significantly improved cerebral blood flow, locomotion, and limb coordination, reduced ROS production, increased MAP2 and PSD95 expression, and decreased p-Tau, NOX2, p-PLC, CN, NFAT1, and NLRP1 expression.
J Ginseng Res. 2022 Jul;46(4):515-525.
Sprague-Dawley rats
Traumatic brain injury model
Intraperitoneal injection
5, 10, 15 mg/kg
30 minutes and 24 hours after injury
Evaluated the protective effect of Rg1 on traumatic brain injury, results showed that Rg1 significantly improved neurological deficits, brain edema and BBB permeability
Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Nov;11(11):3493-3507.
C57BL/6 mice
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension model
Intragastric administration
5, 10, 20 mg/kg
Once daily for four weeks
Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by suppressing the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby alleviating vascular remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis.
J Ginseng Res. 2024 Jul;48(4):405-416.
C57BL/6J mice
High-fat diet-induced obese Mice model
Oral
50 mg/kg
Once daily for 8 weeks
To investigate the effect of Rg1 on blood glucose and hepatic glucose production in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, results showed that Rg1 reduced fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and suppressed the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis-related enzymes.
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