Azelaic acid formulated into a 15% gel and applied twice daily has proven to be effective for treating individuals with moderate papulopustular conditions^[4].

Azelaic acid, at a concentration of 0.5 M and applied over a duration ranging from 48 hours to 7 days, demonstrates effective antimicrobial properties^[3].

At a higher concentration of 5 M and over a 24-hour period, azelaic acid effectively reduces intracellular levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and enhances antioxidant capacity^[5].

In cellular studies, azelaic acid at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 nM over 24 hours significantly reduces the survival ability of B16, HMB2, and SK23 cells in a dose-dependent manner^[6].