2-Acetamidofluorene是一种致癌物，广泛用于诱导动物模型中的肝癌，用于癌症研究。

BBN是一种模型化合物，可诱导膀胱中的高级别侵袭性肿瘤。

Estradiol is an estrogenic hormone that is produced in the ovaries, placenta, testis.

(-)-Epicatechin is a polyphenolic flavonoid that can act as an inhibitor of COX-1 (IC50 = 3.2 μM) and has activities of antioxidant, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic, prevent cardiovascular diseases. (−)-Epicatechin is a 2R,3R stereoisomer of catechin.

Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminant that acts as a chemical carcinogen in cancer experimental models.

4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide是一种化学致癌物，能够诱导DNA损伤，并在细胞中通过p53途径促使凋亡。它对癌症机制的研究具有重要意义。

2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole是一种潜在的致癌物质。

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 2HCl是一种肿瘤诱导剂，可在啮齿类动物中诱导结肠瘤。