Roburic acid, a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Gentiana macrophylla, inhibits COX-1 and COX-2.

Amarogentin is a secoiridoid glycoside that is mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots. Amarogentin exhibits many biological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin exerts hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Amarogentin promotes apoptosis, arrests G2/M cell cycle and downregulates of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Amarogentin exerts beneficial vasculo-metabolic effect by activating AMPK.

Loganic acid, a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Gentiana macrophylla Pall, exhibit side effect on superoxide generation.

1-Hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone is a natural product isolated and purified from the herbs of Frasera albicaulis, and can effectively inhibit the osteoclast differentiation in a co-culture system with mouse osteoblastic calvarial cells and bone marrow cells.

Bellidifolin, a natural product isolated and purified from Swertia punicea Hemsl., stimulates glucose uptake in rat 1 fibroblasts and ameliorates hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

GGTP, containing two glucoses in position C-1, could suppress fMLP-induced superoxide generation and the phosphorylation of tyrosyl.